Hemingway’s The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The three characters in Hemingway’s The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber form a triangle in which the relationships are not clear from the beginning. The plot of the short story is not very complicated: during a safari, the rich and handsome Francis Macomber proves to be a coward when he runs off scared while hunting the lion he had wounded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact, the attribute of ‘coward’ is given to him, indirectly, by his wife Margot and by Wilson, the hunter who accompanies them on the expedition. The whole story thus revolves around the killing of the lion, an act which seems to be the ultimate proof of manhood, and, which constitutes therefore a great attraction to women. The setting and the context of the story- the safari in the wilderness of Africa- seem to determine also the plot: Hemingway chooses for his characters two Americans with a great wealth and social stand, who are supposed to be very civilized, and exposes in fact their instinctual behavior, which seems to have kept its wild nature. Francis Macomber and Robert Wilson ‘fight’, by proving their courage in the hunt, for the ‘female’ who will instinctually choose the stronger of the two. The fact that the behavior of wild animals and that of humans have a common pattern is emphasized by Hemingway careful notation of the lion’s ‘feelings’ while he is being hunted by the two men. Thus, a clear connection is established between men and the wild animals: â€Å"Macomber had not thought how the lion felt as he got out of the car. He only knew his hands were shaking and as he walked away from the car it was almost impossible for him to make his legs move.†(Hemingway, 8) Thus, after Macomber’s failure in the hunt of the lion, Margot kisses the ‘winner’, Wilson, and completely ignores her husband, and her behavior seems to be the exact pattern of the creatures in the wilderness. Furthermore, the very night after Macomber’s defeat, she goes to bed with Wilson, without even trying to dissimulate in front of her husband. The courage to kill and to face death is taken here as the main criteria for manhood: â€Å"Fear gone like an operation. Something else grew in its place. Main thing a man had. Made him into a man. Women knew it too. No bloody fear.†(Hemingway, 12) The marriage between Francis and Margot had been nothing more than a profitable business affair, him having the money and she the beauty. As it is hinted, these interests are the only things that kept them together still. Both of them seem to be sure these ties are strong enough to secure against a break-up. However, after having found out about his wife’s betrayal, Macomber’s instinctive nature seems to be awakened: he discovers the exhilaration that the hunt and the killings produce in him, and his fear is completely gone. Still, Margot is not pleased by her husband’s success, as one would expect. She rather feels threatened, and tries to hide it by resuming her contemptuous attitude towards him: â€Å"’You’ve gotten awfully brave, awfully suddenly,’ his wife said contemptuously, but her contempt was not secure. She was very afraid of something.†(Hemingway, 11) Thus, Margot ‘rewards’ the braveness of her husband by killing him while he was fighting the bull, apparently trying to aim at the beast. However, it is obvious that she kills him intentionally, first of all, because of her strange behavior before the murder, and also because of the logic of events. As Hemingway hints, ‘she was afraid of something’ and it can plainly be seen that that something was the fact that Macomber might leave her for her betrayal, now that he found his self-assurance and his manliness again. This is exactly what Wilson alludes at after the ‘accident’: â€Å"’That was a pretty thing to do,’ he said in a toneless voice. ‘He would have left you too.’†(Hemingway, 14) She thus kills her husband to ward off the danger of having him leave her. This is proven by her strong emotions during the bull hunt, in which Macomber finally shows his braveness: her face is white with fear and probably contrasting feelings. At first she seems to congratulate again the winner, this time her husband: â€Å"’In the car Macomber’s wife sat very white-faced. ‘You were marvelous, darling,’ she said to Macomber. ‘What a ride.’†(Hemingway, 13) Nonetheless, her admiration soon turns into the fear that her husband will desert her: â€Å"Her face was white and she looked ill.† Again, the fact that Margot kills her husband on purpose coheres with the rest of her instinctive behavior: although the main reason of the killing seems to be his fortune or her social stand which she might lose, it may be that her murder is again instinctive, in the sense that she is afraid of losing the now desirable man, because of his courage. She prefers shooting him, again cohering with the hunt. Her ‘hysterical’ crying over the dead body of her husband do not manage to convince us of her innocence or her pain at the loss: she rather mourns him either because she needs to act in front of the other hunters, or because she has to give up the hero she had been looking for. The way in which she changes her mind after Macomber’s success, and she says that their hunting is by no means a heroic act, clearly demonstrates that she feels trapped, again manifesting her instinctual nature. At the end of the story, she herself is defeated by Wilson, who plainly lets her see that he knows the truth, and seems to enjoy the feeling of being able to submit her to his will, and have her beg: â€Å"That’s better, ‘Wilson said. ‘Please is much better. Now I’ll stop.’(Hemingway, 14) The meanings of Hemingway’s story are thus very complex, as he analyzes the instinctual relationships between men and women, and other instincts, such as that of killing and hunting or of possessing and dominating. Works Cited: Hemingway, Ernest. The Complete Short Stories. New York: Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1998

Levels Of Satisfaction When Using E Banking Systems Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4804 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? In the business industry, information technology is changing the way business is conducted. New business models are taking the place of traditional model and organizations are reconsidering business process designs and customer relationship management strategies. In a competitive sector like the banking industry banks are keeping up with technology revaluation and transformation in the banking industry. This study examines The level of satisfaction of using Electronic banking system (e-banking) It also covers a brief overview of facilities and risks associated with e-banking and highlights the ways of overcoming these challenges. 1. Introduction Since the new age, Internet banking has played an important role in the growth of the banking sector and changed the traditional banking practice. Internet banking has been in tremendous development changes in the way of providing services to their customers; by offering traditional financial institutions seek to low er operating costs, improve customer banking services, Internet banking services, retain customers, shrink their branches, and downscale the number of their service personnel. There are several definitions for electronic banking Burr (1996) described e-banking as an electronic connection between the bank and customer in order to prepare, manage and control financial transaction other researches defines e-banking as different types of services in which a bank customer can access through the internet. Hock Bee (1999) states that the term PC banking, online banking, internet banking, telephone banking or mobile banking refers to a number of ways in which customer can access their banks without having to be physically present at the bank branch. Over time e-banking has improve many banks efficiency and competitiveness this led to an increase level of convenience offered by bank and also led several banks to depend heavily on information technology by using the Internet. These days banks have to cope with technology development to survive and exist in such a competitive environment. To have a better understanding about internet banking, we must understand the types and levels of internet banking. 1.1. Informational: This is the basic level of internet banking with the lowest risk involved. The bank will have marketing information about its products and services in a stand-alone server in which existing and potential customers on a wide geographic range can access to have a better understanding about the bank ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s services. It is equivalent to having a website of the bank. However security of the website must be maintained to prevent unauthorized alteration of the information displayed. 1.2. Communicative: This is a slightly more advanced form of internet banking. It allows more interactive environment for the customers. Customers can inquire about their accounts, loan applications and update their information (address, name, contact number). In this case the bank should operate through linking customers to their main server which is where the risk of unauthorized access of the banks internal network occurs. 1.3. Transactional: This level of internet banking allows transactions to take place online and hence there is a direct path to the bank ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s main server. This is a huge risk since actual transaction of funds occurs. This study is focusing mainly on the transactional level of internet banking and the risks involved in doing banking on a wide geographical range. 2. Statement of the Problem Over the past 20 years, the banking industry has been facing major problems within associated with individual banking institutions or entire banking systems, problems related to the delivery reliability, quality of delivery service including speed. The security and privacy of the e-banking system, another problem is limitation on payment options available to online customers and finally unfamiliarity /uncom fortable to use the computer system placing them in a disadvantageous position (who are non-computer genius like most senior citizens). 3. Purpose of the study The development in information and communication technologies is growing rapidly. Business firms are increasingly revolving toward the Internet and associated to information technologies to progress business competence and service quality, maintaining existing customers and attracting new customers. In this study, 5 point Likert type questionnaire were designed and distributed to 110 respondents feedback were between choices of strongly agree, disagree, neutral, agree and strongly agree. Respondents ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ results were analyzed to accomplish the goal of this study which is measuring the level of satisfaction of using e-banking system. 4. Significance of the Study The study will focus primarily on e-banking system and Impact of e-banking customer level of satisfaction, and potentially help banks to ex pand by having better understanding of their customer preferences and offering additional services that will lead to customer loyalty. 5. Challenges and Proposed Solution Even though many benefits can arise from using Electronic banking, many challenges may arise. Internet allows individuals and institutional customers to benefit from services online conveniently from anywhere in the world which makes it easier for users. However, major challenges may arise such as legal risk for banks potentially expanding geographically they might be exposed to adapting to new regulations and laws. Also Operational risk Integrity of the system and confidentiality of data considers crucial to operational risk. The operational risk arises from fraud, processing errors, hacking and system disruptions can cause a security threats from inside or outside the system, therefore banking regulators and supervisors must ensure that banks have the data appropriate practices in place to guarantee the confidentiality of data. In order to minimize potential operational risk, banks focus on security needs to be regularly checked by experts and tested for large number of transactions. Banks must adopt effective policies and procedures and control as a precaution against any unexpected potential operational risk exposure. E-banking may face some reputational risk in the event of loss of trust due to unauthorized activity on customer account, failure to provide reliable service. Top management must adopt effective policies and procedures to meet the new risk exposure introduced by electronic banking. Board of Directors in Banks must ensure business continuity and contingency planning process against any unexpected events. Privacy has been an issue of concern among customers. Some banks that recognize the issue understand it seek to make it an advantage over their competitors try to emphasize  ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½high levels of privacy ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ in their marketing campaigns. Consumers are concerned about misuse of their personal and financial information through the internet. Banks may develop a proper information security control system that will ensure confidentiality and integrity of customer information. Authentication is also a challenge in internet banking. When conducting an online transaction, the server must be able to authenticate the identity of both parties and their consent to conduct the transaction. Inability to authenticate will result in unauthorized transactions and transfer of funds leading to huge problems that may require compensation to the customer by the bank and hence lost of trust and reputation in the customers ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ point of view. Nowadays, banks use password administration, and password security in the event of another party obtains the password, security administration should ensure the protection of password files. 6. Variables of the study 6.1. Customer Demographics: Internet banking allows banks to offer a broad array of service to their banking customers based on their different ethnicity, gender, age, disabilities, mobility, employment status, and even location. 6.2. Security and privacy: Electronic Banking offer massive advantages and opportunities however security risk can be involved therefore banks take wide-ranging of security measures to protect the information transmitted on online transactions, this include guarantee confidential data sent over the internet cannot be accessed or modified by unauthorized persons, Security and privacy is an essential factor in shaping the choice of consumers to use Internet banking. In a study ABF (1997) stated that security fear that keeps both consumers and bankers away from Internet banking. O ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½Connel (1997) accomplished a study in Australia established that security worries were exposed as the major reason for the slow progress of Internet banking. Thorton Consulting (1996) carried out a survey concentratin g on banks resulted that 67% of US banks believe that security worries is the major difficulty for Internet banking. The finding results matches the finding of study of Booz et al. (1997), disclose that security worry among users was the major difficulty for not adopting Internet banking in Latin America. The Walls report (1997) also described that except security and privacy is enhanced, more domestic consumers would be keen to carry out their transactions over the Internet. The Walls report (1997) also described that except security and privacy is enhanced, more domestic consumers would be keen to carry out their transactions over the Internet. 6.3. Level of education: Researchers have found highly educated individuals are more likely to adapt to new changes in technologies, and that they are more comfortable in using technology like the Internet banking. One of the reasons is that education regularly positively correlated with an individuals adaptation to new technology. 6.4. Level of Satisfaction: The results of level satisfactions are important to be measured and usually depend on customer ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s satisfaction of services provided electronically. Level of satisfaction is linked with the quality of services. Cooper (1997) recognized accessibility as one of the significant features from customer ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s perception for adoption of innovative service. Scarbrough and Corbett (1992) recognized the understanding of consumers as an important aspect for the transmission of advance technology. For successful execution of e-banking, banks must be sure that services provided are user friendly with high quality and accessibility to guarantee customer fulfillment in order to sustain online customers. Dover (1998) and Daniel (1999) studies in USA and UK correspondingly discovered that accessibility one of the features for customer adopting E banking. A study conducted by Cyber Dialogue concluded that more than 3 million adults in the Un ited States have terminated the online feature due to system complexity of obtaining account information and details. 7. Literature Review Rotchanakitumanuai and Speece (2003) explored why corporate customers reject e banking, which can support banks to employ this technology more efficiently. The majority of Thai banks are currently applying e banking. Banks that offer e banking service argue that it decrease costs and help banks to have a competitive advantage. On the other hand many corporate customers are not keen about adopting e-banking service. The primary data collected through interviews shows that the main concern is related to security of the Internet is a major issue holding back the corporate customers from adopting e-banking services. The Confident and reliable seems to be much higher among existing e banking services users , where as non users do not trust e-banking transactions made through e banking. Non e-banking users lean to have pessimistic attitudes conce rning adoption e-banking. Eriksson et al. (2005) has made in depth studies of technology of internet banking in Estonia, data gathered by using quantitative study regarding the usage and the attitude concerning the E banking channel. The conclusion of the study showed as consumers find E banking useful, E banking usages increases, also the study recommended that models of technology should be Re-formulated to concentrate on the main key importance of E banking effectiveness of the service implemented in the technology. (Joseph; Stone, 2003) has stated that due to the increased internet transactions and agreements. The fact that there has to be an open network to allow the transactions to take place is a huge security risk. Therefore, banks must improve their security infrastructure in order to ensure maximum privacy. Banks should adopt procedures such as authentication of both parties in order to ensure their identities. To ensure maximum privacy, data exchanged on the interne t should be encoded. Viewing transaction details and information should be exclusive to the parties involved. Banks should make use of a unique digital signature to each party involved in a transaction. This signature should be binding when legal contracts are signed online. Gan et al. (2006) carried out a research to inspect clients selected among E banking and non E banking in New Zealand as a narrow number of experimental studies have been available in the marketing journalism about E banking, and the aggressive landscape of financial institutions is shifting. E banking is not a aggressive improvement but a aggressive indispensable for banks. The choice to use E banking is assumed to be a function of service quality scope, apparent risk issues, user contribution issues, price issues, service product uniqueness. According to El-Sherbini et al. (2007) who examined the customers observation of E banking, their alleged significance, usage example and problems increasing on its consumption. The paper talks about the strategic implications of the research findings. Experimental data were collected from bank consumers in Kuwait to accomplish the research goal. All bank consumers in Kuwait were considered as population sample of research interest. The results demonstrated the alleged importance of internet banking services by consumers, current and prospective use of E banking services in Kuwait and problems suspected by bank customers in using E banking. The researchers hypothesis examined that the top five important services in Kuwait banks. Sathye (1999) investigated the reason affecting the acceptance of Internet banking by Australian clients. The sample was gathered from party group of people and business companies in Australia. The study concentrated on resident of cities where exploit of internet and population was expected to be high. The date gathered from directory, White and yellow pages to border of quotation for personal and business clients, correspondingly. As a result recommended that security related to lack of awareness about e banking and its advantages show up as being the difficulty to the implementing of e banking in Australia. He recommended how to address these barriers. Further, he recommends that delivery of financial services over the e banking must be a branch of on the whole client service and branch of the strategy. These procedures could help in fast movement of customers to e banking, follow-on in substantial savings in operating costs for banks. Gerrard and Cunningham (2003) made in depth study to analyze what drove e-banking users to accept internet banking services, results were beneficial to bank managers who are hesitating in put into action the self-service technology that sacrifice millions of dollars. Investigative meeting were also conducted and the study identifies characteristics that influenced the rate of adoption. Results showed that adopters of Internet banking distinguish the use to be simpler and less difficult, and friendly use for computer users. Md. Atiqur Rahman Khan and Md. Masud Karim conducted a study of e-banking and extended risks their study focus on dealing with challenges. The study covers variety of risks associated with adopting e-banking services and recommendations to overcome those challenges. The banking industry hopes that by adopting new technology such as e banking, they hope that they will be able to counteract the aggressive marketing from their competitors. Banks would also like to maintain their customer base by offering enhanced customer service. Banks would also like to expand their market and attract more customers through new technology which includes e banking. (Graven, 2000) Presently, the e-banking operations are concentrated on normal traditional banking services such as lending and credit cards, others depend on deposits for funding. Smaller banks seek to diversify their income through offering e banking services and reduce their dependence on core deposits. More than 50% of the profits of small banks come from other non traditional banking services as opposed to banks who did not adopt e banking. Thus, these banks have utilised e banking to attract wealthier consumers through providing online services that require a fee. (Stamoulis, 2000). Many banks have come to realize that there are many customers who actually like doing their banking online. As a result, many banks have innovated and adopted important e banking services that enabled consumers to do their banking anytime they needed. Services include bill payments, transfer of funds and account statements. (Morral, 1995). Banks have realized that there was a gap in the market to be filled through adopting e banking. E-banking has been proven to reduce costs and expenses related to maintaining a physical branch and employing customer service staff. E banking allows larger banks to reduce their expenses due to their many physical bran ches whereas smaller banks tend to incur costs and take time to recover initial investment in e banking technology (Treadwell 2000). The only motivation for smaller banks to invest in e banking technology was the reduction of costs in the long term and competitive advantage over their competitors (Timmons 2000). It is perceived that less consumers adopt e banking coupled with low development costs of e banking will limit the effects of e banking on financial institutions regardless of whether these effects are good or bad. (Marenzi, et al., 2001). Birch and Young, (1997) assert that consumers would also enjoy the privilege of access to far more providers of financial services. As a result of a wider choice of Internet bank service providers, the costs searching, negotiating and concluding deals will be lower as the comparison of products and services would be made easier over the Internet. Birch and Young, (1997) emphasize that consumers will be able to access more financia l institutions that were not geographically feasible before the arrival of internet banking. Consumers would enjoy more variety and competitive products and offers in addition to higher bargaining power over banks due to increased competition. Comparison between different products and services is made easier through internet banking. This means more satisfaction from the consumer ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s side. Previous studies were focusing on advantages and disadvantages of adopting e-banking services; risk associated as a result of adopting e-banking services and solution to over come them. This research will focus on measuring the level of satisfaction of using e-banking system. 8. Research Methodology To measure the objectives, experimental data had to be gathered and afterward be utilize for evaluating and concluding the results. To obtain the experimental data, a questionnaire had to be put together. 9. Questionnaire Design The initial phase concerned analysis of the literature and pointer from specialist in the area of interest to acquire information and discover out how previous researchers conducted their studies. Then, experimental data was pull together from bank customers in Bahrain to reach the research purpose. Build on the research purpose, a trial questionnaire was developed to collect the data. Anonymity was also taken into account to assure high response rate. 10. Data Collection All bank customers in Bahrain were taking into account as population of research. Research data was collected by exploiting a controlled questionnaire instead of unstructured questions. The sample size was 110; valid responses were 77 and non-respondents were 33. The data was gathered in various local banks in Bahrain and areas of major shopping malls, questionnaires were carefully reviewed. SPSS software was utilized to evaluate the data and obtain the results and confirm whether the validity of the hypothesis. 11. Hypotheses: H01: There is no s ignificant difference among customer demographics and level of satisfaction using E-banking system. H1: There is significant difference among customer demographics and level of satisfaction using E-banking system. H02: There is no significant difference in terms of Education level between E-Banking system users. H2: There is significant difference in terms of Education level between E Banking system users. H03: There is no significant difference between E-banking system and the traditional system in terms of security and privacy. H3: There is significant difference between E-banking system and the traditional system in terms of security and privacy. H04: Obtaining accounts status and details is not significant than other services that require carry out transactions. H4: Obtaining accounts status and details is more significant than other services that require carry out transactions. 12. Research results: In order for us to measure the level of satisfaction and trust of e-banking users questionnaire were distributed online for respondents, successfully we received a feedback from 77 respondents, the main purpose was to measure respondents feedback based on 5 point likert type scale in a range of strongly disagree to strongly agree. The result of the questionnaire showed that approximately 37.6% of respondents agreed that e-banking is more convenient than in branch banking. Majority of respondents agreed that through e-banking transactions can be done quicker and permit simpler maintenance of transaction dealings than in branch banking. In general the majority of users come to an agreement that e-banking is better than in-branch banking, however, in terms of E-banking reliability and safer and secure results showed uncertainty where slight changes between respondents agree and neutral. The conclusion of the results showed that current e-banking users are usually contented with the service, which confirm the hypothesis 1 that there is s ignificant difference among customer demographics and level of satisfaction using e-banking system. Results of T-Test analysis using One Sample Test in hypothesis 1 where t is 5.332 which is greater than 1.85 and Sig is 0 less than 5 percent. The respondents were also asked further questions to indicate the current satisfactory level of e-banking services. The questions designed were closed ended; and choices were given to respondents. Possible answer varies from very unsatisfied to very satisfied. Questionnaire results showed 36.36% of respondents were somewhat satisfied with e-banking services, 28.57% of respondents were very satisfied, and 28.57% were Neutral. In this study respondents output varies; some support using e-banking whereas others were against using e-banking. The results of questionnaire below were designed as a 5 point Likert type agreeing scale, respondents were given choices of strongly agree, disagree, neutral, agree and strongly agree, the results would g ive an indication of respondents feedback. Respondents feedback showed that the majority prefers in-branch banking rather than e-banking this might be because of not having confidence in using e-banking, which proves hypothesis 3 to be null as results showed that t is negative and Sig is 95 percent higher than 5 percent hence we reject the hypothesis and accept null hypothesis. Feedback also indicates that lack of knowledge and familiarity of using e-banking services considered one of the obstacles of using e-banking. Results have shown that strong relationship the educational level and e-banking system users, this proves hypothesis 2 is null. Refer to T-Test table. Feedback results indicates that the top e-banking services were acquire detailed account, transaction record, check credit cards balances, check accounts balances and check credit cards transactions. This advocates that in general the majority of the respondents did not have faith in the e-banking in terms of perfo rming their banking business, but apparent it as very effective and vital for acquiring account status and information, which confirm hypothesis 4 of this research to be null. As results showed that t is 4.613 higher than 1.83 and Sig is lower than 5 percent. The outputs of correlation were tested, by using both Pearson correlation and Spearmans analysis; accordingly there was no strong correlation except for few ones. For instance, results showed that there was a well-built positive correlation between question 22 and question 25 , as E-banking users comfortable using the service of transferring funds to other persons accounts, another strong relationship were found between question 22 and question 20 . Refer to Appendix. Regression analysis was applied in this research by using descriptive statistics. Pearson Correlation and Sig (1-tailed) both considered the educational level as a dependant variable. Moreover, there was a strong relationship between question 17 (Review a ccounts balances question 18 (Review credit cards balances) question 19 (Obtain detailed account transaction histories) and question 20 (Review credit cards transactions) related to obtaining information about account status. Results have been tested and it proves hypotheses 4 according to results shown in One Sample Test analysis; and regression which supports obtaining account status and details is more vital than other services that require carry out transaction refer to appendix. 13. Discussion Results of Rotchanakitumanuai and Speece 2003 study match the results of this research. Both results share the main concern related to security of the internet as a major concern in e-banking. To summarize comparing between studies we concluded that both studies share the common factor of trust especially after several studies results showed that non users do not trust e-banking transactions. A study by Eriksson et al. (2005) proof that the usage of Internet technology in continu ous demand and growing rapidly. The study also recommended reformulating technology. This goes in line with our study, as the Banking Industry grows, Banks all over the world are adopting to this advance technology era. Summarizing Eriksson et al. (2005) study with our study, we conclude that both studies emphasized on the importance of moving with the advanced technology. (Joseph; Stone, 2003) study matches the results and concerns of this research. Both studies focused on improving their security infrastructure as a solution to ensure maximum privacy. For the purpose of this research, Banks and Financial Institutions were focusing on having proper policies and procedures as a guideline to be followed, alike (Joseph; Stone ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s 2003 research) who recommended banks to use a unique signature between parties involved in transaction. A study by Gan el al (2006) proves that e-banking services have been a competitive necessity for banks and financial institutions. The study highlighted several advantages with e-banking however, it did not emphasized on the disadvantages or challenges of adopting e-banking. In our research, we have not only highlighted several advantages and potential activities of e-banking but also highlighted major challenges may face banks and financial institutions adopting e-banking services and solutions to overcome those challenges. Both studies have identified variables influencing consumer ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s choice of e-banking and traditional banking. In addition to Gan el al ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s (2006) study, a study by Sathye (1999) focused on factors affecting the adaptation of Internet banking, the study results found that lack of awareness and knowledge about e-banking were main reasons for not using e-banking services. Moreover, a study by Md. Atiqur Rahman Khan and Md. Masud Karim highlighted risks associated with e-banking and focused on ways to deal with challenges. A study by El-Sherbini et al (2007) obse rved customer ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s top important services in e-banking, results have shown reviewing account balance, opening accounts, obtaining detailed histories and relocate funds among specific accounts and pay bills. In our research, hypotheses were tested and results showed that obtaining information online is more important than transacting an online business. Gerrard and Cunningham (2003) attempted to discover the reasons behind consumers ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ adoption of internet banking. This report targets managers who are considering the implementation of e banking. Whereas our report acts as evaluation of the current e banking services available in the market; hence gives an idea of the areas that need improvement. Our report focuses on evaluation, which is the key to the success of any business including banking. Graven (2000) believes that e banking will allow banks to survive in the highly competitive market they face today. Internet banking is a new technology that will allow banks to gain customers which they would not have gained due to consumer mobility problems. In addition, internet banking fills the missing gap of physical banking; i.e. geographical and timing flexibility. On the other hand, Stamoulis (2000) believes that internet banking acts as an additional income other than traditional (deposits) face to face banking in the case of larger banks. According to Stamoulis, internet banking is a method in which larger banks can diversify their income. Stamoulis thinks that smaller banks have a greater profitability from internet banking in which he backed up his opinions by statistics that proved that smaller banks generate over 50% of their income from fees of nontraditional internet banking services. To summarize, Graven views internet banking as an expansion to the banking industry whereas Stamoulis argues that internet banking is not very significant. Stimoulis views internet banking as a complimentary feature to be added to the bank ing sector. E-banking was introduced with the realization that there was a gap in traditional banking that had to be filled. Electronic banking enables customers to have online access to services such as bill payments, fund transfer and account statements. (Morral 1995). Several studies have proven that e banking will lead to a reduction in costs and expenses associated with maintaining a physical branch and the employment of customer service staff. (Treadwell, 2000). E-banking is a new technology in which people are still reluctant to utilize. Therefore the number of people who actually use e banking is low. In addition, the cost of development of e banking is relatively lower than traditional banking costs. Both these factors will limit the effect of e banking on the banking industry. (Marenzi, 2001). Electronic banking has eliminated geographical boundaries which mean that everyone is a direct competitor. Consumers now have access to a larger number of banks. E-banking a lso makes it easier to compare between different products and service which means the consumer is very powerful in terms of negotiation and bargaining. (Birch and Young, 1997). 14. Conclusion and Recommendation: Similar to other global industries, the banking industry has been in tremendous development specially with launching the internet. In this research paper, we found that several banks spent huge amount in having a proper e-banking services to have a competitive advantage. Despite the advantages and facilities of e-banking services; security and privacy remains customers major concern. Based on a survey, in the kingdom of Bahrain evidence has shown that only few numbers of customers are fully utilizing electronic banking services. As a result, it is believed that banks must ensure having a proper procedure related to security and privacy concerns. Also it is recommended to familiarize customers with how to use e-banking services which will eventually lead to an increa se in the rate of e-banking services. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Levels Of Satisfaction When Using E Banking Systems Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Discipline in High School and Elementary Education Essay

Discipline in High School and Elementary Education Grand Canyon University: SPE-350 January 10, 2014 When it comes to special education, discipline is a major concern in this area because many students are incessantly being expelled for their behavior issues that are caused by their disabilities. With the previous law students were excluded from school and received long suspension time because of their behavioral problems but when the new law was passed in 2004 students that are disable, is entitle to a free appropriate education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and can no longer be expel from school if their behavior is due to their disability. With the new law, students can no longer†¦show more content†¦With special education teachers being a high demand now, new teachers should be well informed on how to discipline special needs students. Mrs. Davis expressed, issues that frequently occur with special needs students will be, if their wrongdoing is a direct manifestation of the student disability and new or experience teachers should be aware if the student disability is affecting their behavior. Since discipline is a major issue that appears to occur in schools due to special education students being included into regular education classrooms. Students tend to act out because they are not on the same level as their non-disable peers and feel as though they are not able to complete the same course work and receive a passing grade therefore they begin to disrupt the class instead of asking for help when it is needed. I can understand the student frustration when they are not able to answer questions or other students make fun of them because they could not get the correct answer. These students are in a mainstream classroom with their peers but are not on the same reading level as them and it is difficult for them to participate in class and feel as if they are up to part (T. Davis, personal communication, December 16, 2013). Ms. James stated that discipline issues that occur with special needs students in her school are students that are emotionally disturbed. These students disrespect their authority figures, fight other students and it even goes so far as themShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Student Mobility And Academic Achievement1428 Words   |  6 Pagesdedicated much effort to exploring the consequences of switching schools, and these consequences can take many forms. Much research examines various practices, including family and student choices and school policies, and the resultant mobility’s impact on student academic success. 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I will face many discipline problems in my future, and in eachRead MoreEducation : Education Of Preservice Teachers And 2 ) Emphasis On High Stakes Testing Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesissues: 1) education of preservice teachers and 2) emphasis on high stakes testing. First, elementary education programs focus on the modern two cores, English and mathematics, paying only lip service to science and social studie s. This leads to teachers becoming unconformable with the content in these two subjects. This level of uncertainty produces a focus away from social studies and a focus on the other two contents. The second reason for the marginalization of social Studies in the elementary classroom

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Essays - 1185 Words

Describe:- (i) how induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are isolated (ii) how iPSCs can be used to study human development (iii) how iPSCs can be used to model human disease and to develop therapies for degenerative disease i) iPSCs are adult stem cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to behave like the pluripotent stem cells found in embryos, i.e. can differentiate into any cell type in the human body. This was first completed successfully in mice in 2006 by Shinya Yamanaka and his team (Takahashi et al., 2006), then in humans in 2007 both by Yamanaka (Takahashi et al., 2007), and by James Thomson and his team in America independently (Yu, et al., 2007). Yamanaka and Thomson’s methods were similar. In the report by Yu et†¦show more content†¦964-965). ii) Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells isolated from blastocysts, and are highly useful in studying human development (Itzkovitz-Eldor et al., 2000 p. 88). Although the National Institute of Health states that â€Å"it is not known if iPSCs and embryonic stem cells differ in clinically significant ways†, iPSCs are already being used to achieve the same results as ESCs in some applications without the use of embryos, removing the ethical concern associated with ESCs (National Institutes of Health, 2009). ESCs are capable of differentiating into all cell types, and can be used as a source of differentiated cells. In the report by Itskovitz-Eldor et al., they discuss the induced differentiation of ESCs in suspension into embryoid bodies, including the three embryonic germ layers. The authors state that â€Å"the ability to induce formation of human embryoid bodies that contain cells of neuronal, hematopoietic and cardiac origins will be useful in studying ea rly human embryonic development† (Itzkovitz-Eldor et al., 2000 p. 88). This is invaluable in terms of studying the early stages of human foetal development. As iPSCs are better understood, and the methods of generating them are refined, they have the potential to play an increasingly integral role in our study of human development, in place of ESCs. In the report by Itzkovitz-Eldor et al. it is noted that the abilityShow MoreRelatedProgress in the Reasearch on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 528 Words   |  3 Pagesstudy in stem cell research. They reprogrammed mouse skin fibroblasts by introduction of four transcription factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc and generated cells almost indistinguishable from ES cells. They named these cells induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (Takahashi K., et al., 2006). An year later, James A. Thomson et al. replaced Oct4 and oncogenic c-Myc with Lin28 and Nanog decreasing the risk of cancer formation (Yu J., et al., 2007). 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OCTOBER 15, 1858 GAVE BIRTH TO A FUTURE GREAT OF Essay Example For Students

OCTOBER 15, 1858 GAVE BIRTH TO A FUTURE GREAT OF Essay OCTOBER 15, 1858 GAVE BIRTH TO A FUTURE GREAT OF BOXING, A MAN NAMED JOHN L. SULLIVAN. JOHN L. SULLIVAN WAS BORN IN ROXBURY, MASSACHUSETTS. HE DEBUTED IN 1878 AGAINST COCKEY WOODS. HIS DAY OF GLORY CAME ON FEBRUARY 2ND, 1882 IN MISSISSIPPI CITY, MISSISSIPPI WHEN HE GOT A TITLE SHOT AGAINST THE CURRENT BARE-KNUCKLE CHAMPION, PADDY RYAN. THEY FOUGHT UNDER THE LONDON PRIZE RING RULES. IN THE 9TH ROUND, GREAT JOHN L. KOED PADDY RYAN TO WIN THE WORLD BARE-KNUCKLE CHAMPIONSHIP. HE REMAINED THE TITLE-HOLDER FOR THE REST OF HIS CAREER UNDER THE LONDON PRIZE RING RULES. SOME SAY HE WAS THE WORLD HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPION, BUT OTHERS SAY HE WAS ONLY THE AMERICAN HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPION, SINCE HE HAD ONLY FOUGHT IN ONE INTERNATIONAL MATCH. THAT MATCH WAS ON MARCH 10, 1888 AGAINST CHARLEY MITCHELL. THE BOUT WAS HELD IN CHANTILLY, OISE, FRANCE. HE DIDNT WIN THAT MATCH, BUT IT ENDED AS A DRAW AFTER THE 35TH ROUND. AND HE DECLINED TO FIGHT A BLACK AUSTRALIAN NAMED PETER JACKSON. HE NEVER WANTED TO FIGHT JACKSON, BECAUSE HE WAS A MEMBER OF THE COLORED RACE. THE BOSTON STRONGBOY S LAST BARE-KNUCKLE CHAMPIONSHIP FIGHT UNDER THE LONDON PRIZE RING RULES, TOOK PLACE IN RICHBURG, MISSISSIPPI. HIS OPPONENT WAS JAKE KILRAIN. HE PROVED HE HAD GREAT STAMINA BY ENDURING 75 ROUNDS WITH KILRAIN, IN WHICH HE WON. WITH BILLY MADDEN AS HIS MANAGER, JOHN L. SULLIVAN WENT ON MANY EXHIBITION TOURS. HE FOUGHT UN-COUNTABLE NUMBERS OF MEN AT THESE EXHIBITION TOURS. HE WAS SO CONFIDENT THAT HE WOULD WIN, THAT HE OFFERED A $100 PRIZE TO ANY MAN THAT COULD LAST FOUR ROUNDS WITH HIM. HE LATER GOT EVEN MORE CONFIDENT ; RAISED THE REWARD TO $500, BUT NO ONE COULD EVER OVERCOME THE ODDS. HE BECAME VERY POPULAR DOING THESE EXHIBITION TOURS ; MADE BOXING VERY POPULAR AS WELL AROUND THE UNITED STATES. ON SEPTEMBER 7TH,1892, JOHN L. SULLIVAN DEFENDED HIS CHAMPIONSHIP AGAINST JAMES J. CORBETT IN NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA. BUT THIS TIME, HE DIDNT HAVE AS MUCH LUCK WITH HIM. SULLIVAN WAS KNOCKED OUT IN THE 21ST ROUND LOST HIS CHAMPIONSHIP. BUT MAYBE THIS LOSS, WHICH WAS SULLIVANS ONLY CAREER LOSS, CAME BECAUSE HE WAS NOT USED TO THE NEW STYLE OF RULES. THIS FIGHT WAS SANCTIONED UNDER THE NEW SET OF RULES; THE QUEENSBERRY RULES. THE QUEENSBERRY RULES WERE BASED ON USING BOXING SKILLS ; STRENGTH RATHER THAN BEFORE, WHICH WAS BASED MORE ON WRESTLING ; AGILITY, WHICH MADE IT MORE OF A BRAWLING-STYLE FIGHT. THE QUEENSBERRY RULES STATE:ALL BOXERS MUST WEAR GLOVES AT ALL TIMES IN THE BOUTNO WRESTLINGNO HUGGINGNO FIGHTING TO THE FINISH(FIGHTING TO DEATH)A DOWN MAN MAY NOT BE STRUCK UNTILL BACK ON HIS FEET ; READY TO REMAIN FIGHTINGA FALLEN MAN SHALL BE GIVEN 10 SECONDS TO GET BACK ON BOTH FEETTHERE ARE 3 MINUTES TO EVERY ROUNDTHERE IS A 1-MINUTE REST BETWEEN EACH ROUNDA FIGHTER WHO REMAINS DOWN OR ON ONE KNEE AFTER 10 SECONDS IS DECLARED THE LOSER; ALL MATCHES SHALL BE FOUGHT IN A ROPED-IN SQUARE(THE RING) WHICH MEASURES 24FT. PER SIDETHE LONDON PRIZE RING RULES ; THE BROUGHTON RULES(USED BEFORE THE LONDON PRIZE RING RULES) WERE A BIT DIFFERENT. UNDER THE BROUGHTON RULES, IF A MAN WENT DOWN, HE WAS ALLOWED 30 SECONDS TO GET BACK ON HIS FEET(; COULD BE HELPED UP) ; SQUARE OFF. SQUARING OFF WAS A TERM THAT MEANT HE H AD TO BE READY TO REMAIN FIGHTING AT A DISTANCE OF 1 YARD FROM HIS OPPONENT. UNDER THE LONDON PRIZE RING RULES, A DOWNED BOXER HAD 8 SECONDS (IN WHICH HE COULD NOT BE HELPED) TO GET BACK TO THE SCRATCH, A MARK IN THE CENTER OF THE RING, AFTER 30 SECONDS OF BEING DOWN. THESE RULES ALSO STATED THAT A ROUND ENDED AFTER A MAN WOULD GO DOWN. THE QUEENSBERRY RULES HAVE REMAINED PROFESSIONAL BOXINGS RULES OF CONDUCT EVER SINCE. .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f , .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f .postImageUrl , .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f , .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f:hover , .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f:visited , .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f:active { border:0!important; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f:active , .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u36c7f53859fa27cc01cd03f707f6797f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rough Draft K.V. Short Stories EssayJOHN L. SULLIVANS LAST KNOWN FIGHT WAS A BENEFIT IN 1896. BY THE END OF HIS CAREER, SULLIVAN HAD RECORDED 37 BOUTS; 32 WINS, 1 LOSS, 3 DRAWS, ; 1 NO-DECISION. 12 OF HIS 32 WINS CAME BY WAY OF KNOCKOUT ; THE OTHER 20 CAME BY DECISION. DURING HIS CAREER, HE RACKED

Porcinis Pronto Essay Example

Porcinis Pronto Essay Porcinis Pronto: Great Italian cuisine without the wait! Porcini was opened in 1969 as a family-owned restaurant chain and its business was successful with 4% profit margin. Porcini’s was renowned with its attention to quality and price premium was relatively small compared to its quality and artful presentation. Porcini’s was able to maintain its high product and service quality mainly because it was a family-owned restaurant chain which gave considerable amount of control and of its safe approach on company expansion decisions. However, the management was also viewed as go-slow and comparing to its competitors like Olive Garden and other full-service chain restaurants like Dennys, Porcini’s brand recognition was much lower. The U. S. restaurants industry had three major segments: fast food, single location full-service restaurants, and full-service chain restaurants. Porcinis senior management came up with a Pronto concept which could possibly open up a new area which no one has entered yet. Key features of the Pronto concept included locations at interstate highway exits, Porcinis quality food and service with faster turnover of tables, and limited beer and wine selection. Main competitors would be fast food chain which has been operating along the interstate systems for decades and specifically targeting for travelers, and also full-service chain restaurants like Dennys. It will be critical to come up with a clear differentiator to its competitors, on both quality and service, and position itself against them. We will write a custom essay sample on Porcinis Pronto specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Porcinis Pronto specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Porcinis Pronto specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Chef Molise was taking it very serious on developing a special Pronto menu which would be less extensive with slightly lower price than Porcini’s traditional menu. Also, Halloran, who was Porcini’s HR director, put significant amount of effort onto recruiting the right people and form a â€Å"Pathfinder Team† with 3 or 4 outstanding Porcini’s employees at each new Pronto’s location. One full week of training and indoctrination in the rapid, quality service strategy and its implementation elements would be given. On the hiring side, it was a serious one. Pronto job applicants would have to pass several screens which include interviews with HR, then Pathfinder Team, and the manager. And a personality assessment test was given. It would seem logical and make sense to put focus on creating a customized menu, hiring the right people, and form a team with existing outstanding employees to bring current best practices to the new restaurants. However, it might be in the wrong direction or overkill sometimes. For the customized menu for Pronto, it was basically a stripped-down version of traditional Porcini’s menu, so what differentiated it from Porcini’s? And why customers should come to Pronto which had less menu choices, and not Porcini’s? Even though it’s a faster service didn’t mean customers would accept lower food quality, even just a slight one. And most importantly, Porcini’s didn’t ask if it mattered to them. On getting the right people for Pronto restaurants, was it actually a good idea to form a team with existing employees, while the business nature was much different? Porcini’s focused heavily on food and service quality, where Pronto focus on quick service experience without sacrificing much food and service quality. It would be doubtful if employees could switch their practice so easily and quickly. If they could not, imagine how it might impact the new hires in the team. In order to make sure Porcinis Pronto could maintain the same level of quality of food and service, a customer questionnaire system was created to collect information on customer satisfaction. The idea was great and it offered a discount card to customers who took the questionnaire, in order to bring up questionnaire completion rate and encourage repeat visits. However, the entire questionnaire focused only on food and service quality like meal quality, courtesy and efficiency of server, restaurant cleanliness etc. , with almost no questions around the time for taking orders, food serving, and pay bills etc. Also, questions like are you traveling or live in the neighborhood? could give a sense of what were the customer segments and did it align with the targeting customers originally. In addition, it should ask the customer to rank the importance of the factors, or simply ask the most important thing mattered to them e. g. Food, service, time, place etc. Without customers telling the importance of each factor, Porcini would have no clue on what to be focused on. Another set of metrics to be collected would be metrics around internal operations e. g. how long to seat a customer and take her order, to prepare a typical entree, and so forth. This could be done by having secret shoppers for instance, and it would be valuable information. After all, the Pronto concept was to offer Great Italian cuisine without the wait, if Porcini could not guarantee acceptable table turnover time, success could not be claimed. In order to grow the business, there were three options: company-owned, franchising, and syndication. First of all, what do we want to focus on? At the very beginning, Pronto should not be expanded too quickly before it could find out and establish the winning strategy. The first few restaurants were crucial and steps should take slow. Also, full control should be obtained otherwise it could easily go out of track. Also, the failure rate of franchising was pretty big. Porcini’s could not afford to have restaurants closed down and affected its brand name. Syndication could give Porcini’s full control on restaurant operations. It would also be easier to get a good location as prime undeveloped locations were mostly owned by investors. However, upfront costs were high. At this point like a testing phase, it would be better to take a slower and less costly approach before Pronto concept proved itself to be success. Company-owned would be the best option to start with and Porcini’s should consider franchising and syndication after seeing profits from the Pronto restaurants and also a reliable standards could be come up which could be applied quick to many restaurants. To conclude, the Pronto concept was aimed at a market space where no one had entered before and Porcini’s wanted to claim this space. However, an important question to ask would be why no one entered this space in the first place? Or did anyone entered but failed? It seems that in order to deliver good quality of food and service while making it a â€Å"Pronto† service is a big challenge itself. Not to mention the target customers are along the interstate highways, are they looking for good quality of food, fast service, or a nice place to chill? Seems that Pronto concept consists of all these elements, however, none of them is a real differentiator. Porcini’s management will definitely need to think about positioning and competitive advantage which Pronto could bring to the table.

Table of Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity

Table of Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity This table presents the  electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity of several materials.   Electrical resistivity, represented by the Greek letter Ï  (rho), is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. The lower the resistivity, the more readily the material permits the flow of electric charge. Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal quantity of resistivity. Conductivity is a measure of how well a material conducts an electric current. Electric conductivity may be represented by the Greek letter ÏÆ' (sigma), ÃŽ º (kappa), or ÃŽ ³ (gamma). Table of Resistivity and Conductivity at 20 °C Material Ï  (ÃŽ ©m) at 20  °CResistivity ÏÆ' (S/m) at 20  °CConductivity Silver 1.59Ãâ€"10−8 6.30Ãâ€"107 Copper 1.68Ãâ€"10−8 5.96Ãâ€"107 Annealed copper 1.72Ãâ€"10−8 5.80Ãâ€"107 Gold 2.44Ãâ€"10−8 4.10Ãâ€"107 Aluminum 2.82Ãâ€"10−8 3.5Ãâ€"107 Calcium 3.36Ãâ€"10−8 2.98Ãâ€"107 Tungsten 5.60Ãâ€"10−8 1.79Ãâ€"107 Zinc 5.90Ãâ€"10−8 1.69Ãâ€"107 Nickel 6.99Ãâ€"10−8 1.43Ãâ€"107 Lithium 9.28Ãâ€"10−8 1.08Ãâ€"107 Iron 1.0Ãâ€"10−7 1.00Ãâ€"107 Platinum 1.06Ãâ€"10−7 9.43Ãâ€"106 Tin 1.09Ãâ€"10−7 9.17Ãâ€"106 Carbon steel (1010) 1.43Ãâ€"10−7 Lead 2.2Ãâ€"10−7 4.55Ãâ€"106 Titanium 4.20Ãâ€"10−7 2.38Ãâ€"106 Grain oriented electrical steel 4.60Ãâ€"10−7 2.17Ãâ€"106 Manganin 4.82Ãâ€"10−7 2.07Ãâ€"106 Constantan 4.9Ãâ€"10−7 2.04Ãâ€"106 Stainless steel 6.9Ãâ€"10−7 1.45Ãâ€"106 Mercury 9.8Ãâ€"10−7 1.02Ãâ€"106 Nichrome 1.10Ãâ€"10−6 9.09Ãâ€"105 GaAs 5Ãâ€"10−7 to 10Ãâ€"10−3 5Ãâ€"10−8 to 103 Carbon (amorphous) 5Ãâ€"10−4 to 8Ãâ€"10−4 1.25 to 2Ãâ€"103 Carbon (graphite) 2.5Ãâ€"10−6 to 5.0Ãâ€"10−6 //basal plane3.0Ãâ€"10−3 ⊠¥basal plane 2 to 3Ãâ€"105 //basal plane3.3Ãâ€"102 ⊠¥basal plane Carbon (diamond) 1Ãâ€"1012 ~10−13 Germanium 4.6Ãâ€"10−1 2.17 Sea water 2Ãâ€"10−1 4.8 Drinking water 2Ãâ€"101 to 2Ãâ€"103 5Ãâ€"10−4 to 5Ãâ€"10−2 Silicon 6.40Ãâ€"102 1.56Ãâ€"10−3 Wood (damp) 1Ãâ€"103 to 4 10−4 to 10-3 Deionized water 1.8Ãâ€"105 5.5Ãâ€"10−6 Glass 10Ãâ€"1010 to 10Ãâ€"1014 10−11 to 10−15 Hard rubber 1Ãâ€"1013 10−14 Wood (oven dry) 1Ãâ€"1014 to 16 10−16 to 10-14 Sulfur 1Ãâ€"1015 10−16 Air 1.3Ãâ€"1016 to 3.3Ãâ€"1016 3Ãâ€"10−15 to 8Ãâ€"10−15 Paraffin wax 1Ãâ€"1017 10−18 Fused quartz 7.5Ãâ€"1017 1.3Ãâ€"10−18 PET 10Ãâ€"1020 10−21 Teflon 10Ãâ€"1022 to 10Ãâ€"1024 10−25 to 10−23 Factors That Affect Electrical Conductivity There are three main factors that affect the conductivity or resistivity of a material: Cross-Sectional Area: If the cross-section of a material is large, it can allow more current to pass through it. Similarly, a thin cross-section restricts current flow.Length of the Conductor: A short conductor allows current to flow at a higher rate than a long conductor. Its a bit like trying to move a lot of people through a hallway.Temperature: Increasing temperature makes particles vibrate or move more. Increasing this movement (increasing temperature) decreases conductivity because the molecules are more likely to get in the way of current flow. At extremely low temperatures, some materials are superconductors. Resources and Further Reading MatWeb Material Property Data.Ugur, Umran. Resistivity of steel. Elert, Glenn (ed), The Physics Factbook, 2006.Ohring, Milton. Engineering Materials Science. New York: Academic Press, 1995.  Pawar, S. D., P. Murugavel, and D. M. Lal. Effect of Relative Humidity and Sea Level Pressure on Electrical Conductivity of Air over Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 114.D2 (2009).